Cisco Packet Tracer 8.x tutorials
What is HSRP ?
HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) is a redundancy protocol for setting up a fault-tolerant default gateway in a LAN environment. This is a Cisco proprietary protocol. The standard protocol is VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol)
The primary router with the highest configured priority operates as a virtual router with a virtual gateway IP address. It responds to the ARP request from PC or servers connected to the LAN with the MAC address 0000.0c07.acXX where XX is the HSRP group ID (converted to an hexadecimal value). If the primary router should fail, the Cisco router with the next-highest priority available in the LAN segment would take over the gateway IP address and answer ARP requests with the same mac address, thus achieving transparent default gateway fail-over.
HSRP version 2 has been supported since Cisco Packet Tracer 7.2.1
Introduction
Frame Relay is a protocol standard for WAN internetworking which provides a fast and efficient method of transmitting packets through the network. Frame Relay offers an attractive alternative to both dedicated lines and X.25 networks for WAN links. The success of the Frame Relay protocol is based on the following two factors:
- Virtual circuits consume bandwidth only when they transport data. Consequently, many virtual circuits can exist across a given transmission line, which is an improvement compared to dedicated leased lines. In addition, each device can use more than the allowed bandwidth as necessary, and thus operate at higher speeds.
- The increased error-handling sophistication at end stations and the improved reliability of communication lines allows the Frame Relay protocol to discard bad frames and thus eliminate time-consuming error-handling processing.
Cisco Packet Tracer 8.2 includes a "Cloud-PT" device for WAN emulation. This device can be configured as a Frame Relay switch. Router are connected to the Frame Relay switch using serial connections. Virtual circuits, LMI types, and DLCI are configured using the Serial and Frame Relay tabs of the "Cloud-PT" device.
Introduction
Access Control Lists (ACL) are used to filter network traffic on Cisco routers. In order to filter network traffic, ACLs control if routed packets have to be forwarded or blocked at the ingress or egress router interface. The router checks each packet to determine whether to forward or drop the packet based on the criteria specified in the ACL applied to the interface.
Cisco Wireless concepts
The Cisco Wireless Controller (WLC) devices is the Cisco solution to centrally configure, manage enterprise wireless networks, regardless of the number of access points deployed and thei location. Wireless controllers have become very popular as companies move from standalone Access Point (AP) wireless designs, complicated to configure and to secure properly, to centralized controller-based designs, reaping the enhanced visibility, functionality and redundancy benefits that come with those modern designs.
The following youtube video presents the basic concepts of how Wireless Controllers work and interact with Lightweight access points using CAPWAP protocol. A good understanding of the concepts presented in this video is mandatory before starting this Packet Tracer 8.2 wireless tutorial.
The Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP), standardized as 802.1AB, is a standardized network discovery protocol aimed to replace a wide variety of propietary protoclos such as Cisco CDP, Nortel discovery protocol, ... It helps network administrators to identify the neighbors devices (including remote ports) of the device they are configuring. As a link-layer protocol, LLDP works without needing a valid IP configuration on the devices.